In December 1994, a month after Salinas was succeeded by Ernesto Zedillo, the Mexican economy collapsed, with a rapid rescue packaged authorized by U.S. President Bill Clinton and major macroeconomic reforms started by president Zedillo, the economy rapidly recovered and growth peaked at almost 7% by the end of 1999. On September 16, 1810, independence from Spain was declared by priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato. The first insurgent group was formed by Hidalgo, the Spanish viceregal army captain Ignacio Allende, the militia captain Juan Aldama and “La Corregidora” Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez. Hidalgo and some of his soldiers were captured and executed by firing squad in Chihuahua, on July 31, 1811.

• In all states indigenous people have higher infant mortality, in some states almost double of the non-indigenous populations.
• Outstanding colonial writers and poets include Juan Ruiz de Alarcón and Juana Inés de la Cruz.
• As the conservadores refused to recognize it, the Reform War began in 1858, during which both groups had their own governments.

That year, oil prices plunged, interest rates soared, and the https://glitter-rose.com government defaulted on its debt. President Miguel de la Madrid resorted to currency devaluations which in turn sparked inflation. Territorial evolution of Mexico after independence, noting losses to the US in the north , and territories annexed from and lost to Guatemala, the Yucatán Peninsula also annexed from Guatemala but later disputed by Mayan rebels. Mexico City was systematically rebuilt by Cortés following the Fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521. Much of the identity, traditions and architecture of Mexico were created during the colonial period. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began in February 1519 when Hernán Cortés arrived on the coast of Veracruz with ca.

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Regional dishes include mole poblano, chiles en nogada and chalupas from Puebla; cabrito and machaca from Monterrey, cochinita pibil from Yucatán, Tlayudas from Oaxaca, as well as barbacoa, chilaquiles, milanesas, and many others. Mexican food varies by region, because of local climate and geography and ethnic differences among the indigenous inhabitants and because these different populations were influenced by the Spaniards in varying degrees. The north of Mexico is known for its beef, goat and ostrich production and meat dishes, in particular the well-known Arrachera cut. Mexican directors Alejandro González Iñárritu , Alfonso Cuarón , Guillermo del Toro, Carlos Carrera , and screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga are some of the most known present-day film makers. Mesoamerican architecture is mostly noted for its pyramids which are the largest such structures outside of Ancient Egypt.

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This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony’s independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country’s current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres , Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world.

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In addition, it has been the only Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development since it joined in 1994 though Chile is in the process of gaining full membership. Mexico is considered as a regional power hence its presence in major economic groups such as the G8+5 and the G-20. In addition, since the 1990s Mexico has sought a reform of the United Nations Security Council and its working methods with the support of Canada, Italy, Pakistan and other nine countries, which form a group informally called the Coffee Club.

Mexico’s total area is 1,972,550 km2 , making it the world’s 14th largest country by total area, and includes approximately 6,000 km2 of islands in the Pacific Ocean , Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and Gulf of California. Salinas embarked on a program of neoliberal reforms which fixed the exchange rate, controlled inflation and culminated with the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement , which came into effect on January 1, 1994. The same day, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation started a two-week-long armed rebellion against the federal government, and has continued as a non-violent opposition movement against neoliberalism and globalization. Texas successfully achieved independence and was annexed by the United States. A much smaller transfer of territory in what is today southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico— the Gadsden Purchase— occurred in 1854. The Caste War of Yucatán, the Mayan uprising that began in 1847, was one of the most successful modern Native American revolts.

The telecommunications industry is mostly dominated by Telmex (Teléfonos de México), privatized in 1990. As of 2006, Telmex had expanded its operations to Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay and the United States. Due to Mexican orography, providing landline telephone service at remote mountainous areas is expensive, and the penetration of line-phones per capita is low compared to other Latin American countries, at forty-percent, however 82% of Mexicans over the age of 14 own a mobile phone.